Your Trusted Resource for Understanding IT Tech Terms & Cybersecurity Language! Making Technology Simple for Maryland, Virginia, DC, and Professionals across USA.
IT Terminology Glossary
IT Tech Terms
Welcome to NSOCIT's comprehensive guide to IT terminology and cybersecurity language. Whether you're a small business owner in Maryland, a professional in Virginia, or an organization leader in Washington DC, understanding technology doesn't have to be overwhelming. We've created this resource to help you confidently navigate the world of information technology and cybersecurity, no technical background required. Understanding IT tech terms help business owners make informed decisions about IT infrastructure, knowing the language of technology empowers you!
Access Control
Rules determining who can view or use resources in your business. Like keys to different rooms, access control ensures employees only access information and systems necessary for their jobs—protecting sensitive data from unauthorized viewing.
Access Point
Think of this as a wireless bridge for your office. It's a device that lets laptops, phones, and tablets connect to your business network without cables. Essential for modern workplaces across Maryland, Virginia, and DC where mobility and flexibility matter.
Active Directory
Microsoft's system for managing users, computers, and permissions across your network. It's like a digital directory that controls who can access what critical for businesses managing multiple employees and maintaining security.
Adware
Unwanted software that displays advertisements on your computer. While less dangerous than viruses, adware slows performance and can track browsing habits. Professional IT services can remove adware and prevent future installations.
Agile Methodology
A flexible approach to managing projects and software development. Instead of planning everything upfront, agile works in short cycles with regular adjustments, popular for technology projects in Virginia, Maryland, and DC businesses.
Antivirus Software
Your digital security guard. This software detects and removes harmful programs (viruses, malware) that could damage your computers or steal your data. Every business in the DMV should have updated antivirus protection running continuously.
API (Application Programming Interface)
A way for different software programs to communicate with each other. Think of it as a translator that lets your accounting software talk to your banking app, or your website connect to your customer database, making systems work together seamlessly.
Application
Another word for software or program, the tools you use to get work done. Examples include Microsoft Word, QuickBooks, Salesforce, or your industry-specific software. Applications require licenses, updates, and proper management.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Computer systems that can learn and make decisions similar to humans. AI helps businesses automate tasks like customer service responses, data analysis, and pattern recognition—making your operations more efficient and competitive.
Asset Management
Tracking and managing all your technology equipment: computers, servers, software licenses, mobile devices. Good asset management helps Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses plan budgets, schedule replacements, and maintain security.
Audit Trail
A record of who accessed what data and when. Like a security camera log for your digital systems, audit trails help detect unauthorized access and are often required for compliance in regulated industries.
Authentication
The process of proving you are who you say you are when accessing systems. Like showing your ID at a secure building, authentication verifies your identity. Typically using passwords, fingerprints, or security codes to protect your business data.
Automation
Using technology to perform tasks automatically without human intervention. Businesses use automation for backups, software updates, report generation, and routine processes - saving time and reducing errors.
Amazon Web Services (AWS)
A popular cloud computing platform where businesses can store data, run applications, and access computing power without maintaining physical servers. Pay only for what you use, making it budget-friendly for growing companies in the DMV region.
Java
A high-level, object-oriented programming language designed to be platform-independent through the use of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Widely used for enterprise applications, Android development, and web services.
JavaScript
A versatile scripting language primarily used for creating dynamic and interactive content on websites. Runs in web browsers and, with Node.js, can also be used for server-side development.
JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
A lightweight, text-based data interchange format that is easy for humans to read and write, and easy for machines to parse and generate. Commonly used for API responses and configuration files.
JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
An API that enables Java applications to interact with databases. Provides methods for querying and updating data in relational database management systems.
Jump Server
A hardened computer on a network used as a secure gateway to access devices in different security zones. Also known as a jump box or jump host, it provides controlled access to critical systems.
Jitter
The variation in time delay between data packets traveling over a network. High jitter can cause quality issues in real-time applications like video conferencing and VoIP calls.
JWT (JSON Web Token)
A compact, URL-safe means of representing claims to be transferred between two parties. Commonly used for authentication and secure information exchange in web applications.
Java Applet
A small application written in Java that can be embedded in web pages. Note: This technology has been deprecated due to security concerns and lack of browser support.
Job Scheduler
Software that automates the execution of computer programs or scripts at specified times or intervals. Used for batch processing, backup operations, and routine maintenance tasks in IT environments.
Keylogger
Malicious software recording everything typed on a computer, capturing passwords, credit card numbers, and confidential information. Antivirus software and security awareness help prevent keylogger infections.
Kernel
The core component of an operating system that manages hardware resources and system operations. It controls memory, processes, and device communication, serving as the bridge between software applications and physical hardware.
Kerberos
Network authentication protocol that uses encrypted tickets to verify user identities across insecure networks. Widely used in Windows domains and enterprise environments to provide secure single sign-on capabilities.
Key Management
System for generating, distributing, storing, and revoking encryption keys throughout their lifecycle. Proper key management ensures cryptographic systems remain secure and compliant with data protection regulations.
Kilobyte (KB)
Unit of digital information equal to 1,024 bytes. Often used to measure file sizes, memory capacity, and data transfer rates in computing systems.
Kubernetes
Open-source platform for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. Organizations use Kubernetes to orchestrate containers across clusters of servers efficiently.
KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine)
Virtualization technology built into Linux that turns the kernel into a hypervisor. Allows running multiple virtual machines with different operating
systems on a single physical server.
KPI (Key Performance Indicator)
Measurable value that tracks IT performance and service delivery. Examples include system uptime, ticket resolution time, and network bandwidth utilization, helping teams monitor operational effectiveness.
Keychain
Secure storage system for passwords, certificates, and encryption keys on Apple devices. Automatically fills in credentials and synchronizes across devices using encrypted cloud storage.
Kill Switch
Emergency mechanism that immediately shuts down systems or connections to prevent security breaches or data loss. VPNs use kill switches to block internet access if the encrypted connection drops.
Kernel Panic
Critical system error that forces an operating system to halt when it detects an unsafe condition. Similar to Windows Blue Screen of Death, requires system reboot to recover.
Knowledge Base
Organized collection of information, solutions, and documentation about your IT systems. Help desk teams use knowledge bases to resolve issues faster, consistent answers to common problems.
Backup
A copy of your important business files stored separately from your computers. If something goes wrong: like a cyberattack, fire, or equipment failure, backups let you recover your data. Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses should backup data daily at minimum.
Backup and Disaster Recovery (BDR)
A comprehensive solution combining regular backups with disaster recovery planning. Ensures your business can quickly restore operations after any incident, from ransomware attacks to natural disasters affecting the DMV area.
Bandwidth
The amount of data your internet connection can handle at once. Higher bandwidth means faster downloads, smoother video calls, and better performance when multiple employees use the internet simultaneously. Critical for modern business operations.
Baseline Security
The minimum security standards every business should maintain. Includes firewalls, antivirus software, regular updates, and basic access controls - your foundation for protecting against common threats.
BCP (Business Continuity Planning)
Strategies ensuring your business keeps operating during disruptions. Includes backup systems, alternative work locations, emergency procedures, and communication plans, essential for resilience in Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Biometric Authentication
Security using physical characteristics like fingerprints, facial recognition, or iris scans. More secure than passwords alone, biometric authentication is increasingly affordable for businesses wanting stronger security.
Blockchain
A secure way of recording transactions that can't be changed or deleted. Originally created for cryptocurrencies, businesses now use blockchain for secure record-keeping, contracts, and supply chain tracking - offering transparency and security.
Botnet
A network of infected computers controlled by hackers without owners' knowledge. Botnets send spam, launch attacks, or steal data. Professional cybersecurity services help detect and prevent botnet infections.
Break/Fix IT Support
A traditional approach where you call for help only when something breaks, then pay for the repair. Unlike managed IT services, there's no ongoing monitoring or prevention, you're essentially paying per problem, often at higher costs.
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
A workplace policy allowing employees to use personal smartphones, tablets, or laptops for work. Popular for flexibility but requires careful security planning to protect company data on personal devices used by Maryland, Virginia, and DC employees.
Browser
Software for accessing websites: like Chrome, Firefox, Edge, or Safari. Your gateway to cloud applications, online research, and web-based business tools. Keeping browsers updated prevents security vulnerabilities.
Business Continuity
Your plan for keeping operations running during disruptions. This includes everything from backup systems to emergency procedures, ensuring your Maryland, Virginia, or DC business can serve customers even during crises like power outages or cyberattacks.
Business Email Compromise (BEC)
A sophisticated scam where criminals impersonate executives or vendors to trick employees into transferring money or revealing sensitive information. Costs businesses billions annually, awareness training is critical protection.
Business Intelligence (BI)
Technologies and strategies analyzing business data to inform decisions. BI tools turn raw data into useful insights about customers, operations, and market trends, helping businesses compete effectively.
Cache
Temporary storage that helps computers and websites load faster by remembering previously accessed information. While improving performance, caches occasionally need clearing when websites don't display correctly.
Change Management
Structured processes for implementing technology changes while minimizing disruption. Good change management ensures updates, new systems, and modifications happen smoothly without affecting business operations.
ChatGPT
An artificial intelligence tool that can answer questions, write content, and assist with various tasks through natural conversation. Businesses use ChatGPT for customer service, content creation, and productivity. But must consider data privacy.
Cloud Backup
Automatically saving copies of your business files to secure internet-based storage. Protects against local disasters, theft, or equipment failure. Essential for business continuity in the DMV region with reliable off-site protection.
Cloud Computing
Storing and accessing your data and programs over the internet instead of on local computers. Services like Microsoft 365, Google Workspace, and Salesforce are cloud-based, accessible anywhere with internet, offering flexibility for modern businesses.
Cloud Migration
Moving your data, applications, and operations from on-site servers to cloud-based services. Many Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses migrate to reduce costs, improve flexibility, and enhance disaster recovery capabilities.
Cloud Security
Measures protecting data and applications stored in cloud services. Includes encryption, access controls, monitoring, and compliance. Critical since cloud data is accessible from anywhere, requiring robust security.
Cloud Service Provider (CSP)
Companies offering cloud computing services: like Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services, or Google Cloud. CSPs maintain the infrastructure while you use computing resources as needed.
CMMC (Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification)
A certification required for companies that work with the Department of Defense. Particularly relevant for Maryland, Virginia, and DC contractors who handle federal government data or projects. Compliance is mandatory for contracts.
Compliance
Following required rules and regulations for your industry. This might include data protection laws, healthcare privacy (HIPAA), financial regulations (PCI-DSS), or government standards. Non-compliance can result in penalties, lawsuits, and lost business.
Compliance Management
Ongoing processes ensuring your technology and practices meet industry regulations and standards. Includes documentation, audits, training, and updates. Eessential for regulated industries in healthcare, finance, and government contracting.
Computer Network
Connected computers and devices sharing resources and communicating with each other. Your business network enables file sharing, printer access, internet connectivity, and collaboration. The backbone of modern operations.
Configuration Management
Tracking and controlling your IT systems' settings and components. Ensures consistent, secure configurations across all devices. Preventing problems caused by incorrect settings and maintaining security standards.
Content Filtering
Technology controlling what websites and content employees can access. Helps businesses maintain productivity, prevent malware infections, and ensure appropriate internet use. Particularly important for protecting against web-based threats.
Cookie
A small piece of information websites store in your browser to remember your preferences or login status. While helpful for user experience, businesses should understand cookie policies for website compliance and privacy regulations.
Copilot (Microsoft)
Microsoft's AI assistant integrated into Windows and Microsoft 365 applications. Helps with tasks like writing, coding, data analysis, and answering questions. Improving productivity for businesses already using Microsoft tools.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The "brain" of your computer that performs calculations and runs programs. A faster CPU means better performance, especially important for businesses running multiple applications simultaneously or processing large amounts of data.
Critical Infrastructure
Essential systems your business absolutely needs to operate: like email servers, payment processing, or customer databases. Identifying critical infrastructure helps prioritize protection, backups, and disaster recovery planning.
Cross-Platform
Software or solutions that work across different operating systems: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android. Cross-platform tools provide flexibility when employees use various devices for work in Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
CRM (Customer Relationship Management)
Software managing customer interactions, contacts, sales, and support. Tools like Salesforce, HubSpot, or Microsoft Dynamics help businesses track customer relationships, improving sales and service across the DMV region.
Cryptography
The science of protecting information by converting it into unreadable code. Fundamental to cybersecurity, cryptography secures everything from website connections to stored data, protecting sensitive business information.
Cyber Attack
Any attempt to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. Cyber attacks threaten businesses of all sizes across Maryland, Virginia, and DC - making cybersecurity essential, not optional.
Cyber Hygiene
Good practices for maintaining cybersecurity: like using strong passwords, installing updates, avoiding suspicious emails, and backing up data. Like personal hygiene prevents illness, cyber hygiene prevents security problems.
Cyber Insurance
Insurance coverage that helps your business recover from cyberattacks, data breaches, or ransomware. Covers costs like legal fees, customer notification, forensic investigation, and business interruption. Increasingly important for DMV businesses facing rising threats.
Cyber Resilience
Your business's ability to prepare for, respond to, and recover from cyber incidents. Goes beyond just preventing attacks: includes detection, response, and rapid recovery to minimize impact on operations.
Cybersecurity
The practice of protecting your computers, networks, and data from digital attacks. For businesses, this means safeguarding customer information, financial records, and operational systems from hackers and criminals - fundamental to modern business.
Cybersecurity Assessment
Evaluating your security measures to identify vulnerabilities and risks. Professional assessments help Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses understand their security posture and prioritize improvements.
Cybersecurity Framework
Structured guidelines for managing cybersecurity risks: like the NIST Framework or CIS Controls. Frameworks help businesses implement comprehensive security systematically rather than addressing threats randomly.
Dark Web
Hidden parts of the internet not accessible through regular browsers, often used for illegal activities. Stolen business credentials and data frequently appear on dark web marketplaces, security services monitor for compromised information.
Data Backup
Creating copies of your business information stored separately from original files. Essential protection against ransomware, hardware failure, accidental deletion, or disasters affecting your Maryland, Virginia, or DC location.
Data Breach
When unauthorized people gain access to your business's confidential information, like customer records, financial data, employee information, or trade secrets. Can result in financial loss, legal liability, reputation damage, and regulatory penalties.
Data Center
A specialized facility that houses servers and networking equipment with redundant power, cooling, and security. Many Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses use data centers for reliable infrastructure without maintaining it themselves.
Data Encryption
Converting information into code that only authorized people can read. Like sending messages in a secret code, encryption protects sensitive data whether stored on computers or transmitted over networks, critical for compliance.
Data Loss Prevention (DLP)
Tools and processes preventing sensitive information from leaving your organization inappropriately. DLP monitors and controls how data is shared, stopping accidental or intentional leaks of confidential information.
Data Migration
Moving data from one system to another, like upgrading to new software or moving to cloud services. Requires careful planning to avoid data loss or disruption during the transition.
Data Recovery
Retrieving lost or corrupted data after incidents like hardware failure, accidental deletion, or cyberattacks. Professional data recovery services can often rescue information from damaged systems, but prevention through backups is better.
Database
An organized collection of business information, like customer contacts, inventory, orders, or financial records, stored electronically for easy access and searching. The digital equivalent of a well-organized filing cabinet powering business operations.
DDoS Attack (Distributed Denial-of-Service)
A cyberattack that floods your website or network with fake traffic, making it unavailable to legitimate users and customers. Like a traffic jam deliberately caused to block your storefront, professional protection can mitigate these attacks.
Desktop Computer
A stationary computer with separate monitor, keyboard, and processing unit. While less portable than laptops, desktops often offer better performance, easier upgrades, and lower costs for office environments.
Desktop Support
Technical assistance for employee computers and workstations. Includes troubleshooting problems, installing software, configuring settings, and ensuring employees have working technology, essential for maintaining productivity.
DevOps
Combining software development and IT operations to deliver applications faster with higher quality. DevOps practices improve collaboration, automation, and continuous improvement, valuable for businesses developing custom software.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
Technology automatically assigning IP addresses to devices joining your network. Simplifies network management, when you connect to office Wi-Fi, DHCP automatically gives your device the settings it needs.
Digital Forensics
Investigating cyberattacks or security incidents to understand what happened, how attackers got in, and what data was affected. Critical for legal proceedings, insurance claims, and preventing future breaches.
Digital Transformation
Updating your business processes to use modern technology effectively. This might mean moving from paper records to digital systems, adopting cloud services, implementing online customer service, or using data analytics - essential for competing in modern markets.
Directory Services
Systems managing users, computers, and resources across your network: like Active Directory. Enables centralized control over who can access what, simplifying security management for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Disaster Recovery
Your plan for restoring technology operations after a major incident—like a fire, flood, cyberattack, hurricane, or extended power outage. Includes backup systems, recovery procedures, communication plans, and testing, critical for business survival.
Disaster Recovery as a Service (DRaaS)
Cloud-based disaster recovery where providers replicate your systems and can restore operations quickly after disasters. More affordable than maintaining your own backup facilities, increasingly popular for DMV businesses.
DNS (Domain Name System)
The internet's "phone book" that converts website names (like nsocit.com) into computer addresses. When DNS isn't working properly, you can't access websites even if your internet connection is fine. Critical infrastructure for internet functionality.
Documentation
Recorded information about your IT systems, procedures, configurations, and processes. Good documentation helps troubleshoot problems faster, train employees, and maintain systems, often overlooked but extremely valuable.
Domain Name
Your website's address on the internet: like nsocit.com or yourbusiness.com. Domain names must be registered annually and properly configured to work with your website and email services.
Download
Transferring files from the internet or another computer to your device: like getting attachments from email or installing software. The opposite of upload. Download speeds depend on your internet bandwidth.
Downtime
Periods when technology systems aren't working and employees can't do their jobs. Downtime costs businesses money in lost productivity and missed opportunities, managed IT services minimize downtime through proactive monitoring.
Edge Computing
Processing data closer to where it's created rather than sending everything to distant data centers. Reduces delays and bandwidth use, useful for businesses with IoT devices or applications requiring immediate responses.
Email Archiving
Automatically preserving copies of all email communications for compliance, legal protection, or reference. Many industries require email retention, archiving ensures you can retrieve old messages when needed.
Email Encryption
Protecting email content from unauthorized reading during transmission and storage. Critical when sending sensitive information like financial data, healthcare records, or confidential business information to clients or partners.
Email Security
Protection measures preventing phishing attacks, spam, viruses, malware, and data leaks through email. Critical for businesses since email remains the primary attack method for cybercriminals targeting Maryland, Virginia, and DC organizations.
Employee Training
Teaching staff about technology use, cybersecurity threats, and best practices. Well-trained employees are your best defense against cyberattacks. many breaches happen because someone clicks a malicious link or uses weak passwords.
Encryption
Scrambling data so only authorized people can read it. Like putting information in a locked safe, even if someone intercepts your data, they can't understand it without the key. Essential for protecting sensitive business information.
Endpoint
Any device that connects to your business network: computers, laptops, smartphones, tablets, printers, or IoT devices. Each endpoint is a potential entry point for security threats requiring protection.
Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR)
Advanced security software monitoring endpoint devices for suspicious activity and responding to threats automatically.
Goes beyond traditional antivirus, detects sophisticated attacks and provides detailed incident information.
Endpoint Security
Protection for all devices connecting to your network. Includes antivirus software, security updates, encryption, and monitoring to prevent devices from becoming weak points in your security, especially important with remote workers.
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Integrated software managing core business processes: accounting, inventory, HR, manufacturing, supply chain. Systems like SAP, Oracle, or
Microsoft Dynamics connect departments and improve efficiency for larger organizations.
Ethernet
The standard technology for wired network connections using cables. Ethernet connections typically offer faster and more reliable performance than wireless options, ideal for stationary computers, printers, and servers in offices.
Event Log
Recorded system activities and security events that help identify problems, track changes, and detect security incidents. Reviewing logs helps IT professionals troubleshoot issues and investigate suspicious activity.
Curated sets
Change the text to include your own content. Adjust the font, size or scale to customize the style.
Failover
Automatic switching to backup systems when primary systems fail. Ensures business continuity. If your main server goes down, failover redirects to a backup system so employees keep working without interruption.
File Server
A computer dedicated to storing and sharing files across your network. Centralizes document storage, enables collaboration, simplifies backups, and controls access. This approach is better than employees storing everything locally.
File Sharing
Allowing multiple people to access and work with the same documents. Cloud services like OneDrive, SharePoint, or Dropbox enable secure file sharing for teams working in Maryland, Virginia, DC offices or remotely.
Firewall
A security barrier that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic. Like a security checkpoint, it blocks suspicious activity while allowing legitimate business communications through. It's your first line of defense.
Firewall Configuration
Setting up firewall rules determining what traffic is allowed or blocked. Proper configuration is crucial. Poorly configured firewalls might block legitimate business activities or fail to stop threats.
Firmware
Permanent software programmed into hardware devices like routers, printers, or servers. Firmware updates fix bugs and security vulnerabilities, which are often overlooked but important for security.
Flash Drive (USB Drive)
A small, portable storage device that plugs into your computer's USB port. Convenient for transferring files between computers, but can pose security risks if they contain viruses or are lost with sensitive data.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
A method for transferring large files between computers over the internet. Businesses use FTP to share files too large for email or to exchange data with partners and clients, though more secure alternatives are now preferred.
Gateway
A device that connects different networks together, like connecting your internal network to the internet. In your office, this is typically your router, serving as the gateway between your LAN and WAN.
Geofencing
Technology creating virtual boundaries around physical locations, triggering actions when devices enter or exit these areas. Businesses use geofencing for security alerts, time tracking, marketing campaigns, and access control.
Gigabit Ethernet
Network technology supporting data transfer speeds up to 1,000 megabits per second (1 Gbps). Gigabit Ethernet is standard for modern business networks, providing fast file transfers and supporting bandwidth-intensive applications.
Gigabyte (GB)
A measurement of data storage, approximately 1 billion bytes. For perspective, a typical business document is about 100KB, so a gigabyte can hold roughly 10,000 documents or about 250 songs.
GitHub
Cloud-based platform for storing, managing, and collaborating on code projects. Developers use GitHub for version control, tracking changes, and working together on software development for business applications.
Google Workspace
Google's cloud-based productivity suite including Gmail, Google Drive, Docs, Sheets, Calendar, and Meet. Alternative to Microsoft 365, popular with businesses wanting collaborative tools and simple administration.
Governance
Framework of policies, procedures, and controls defining how technology decisions are made and managed within your organization. IT governance ensures technology investments align with business goals, comply with regulations, and maintain security standards across operations.
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)
Specialized processor designed for rendering images and video, also used for AI calculations and data processing. Modern workstations may need powerful GPUs for design work, video editing, or data analysis tasks.
Group Policy
Centralized management of users and computers in Windows networks. IT administrators use group policies to configure security settings, deploy software, and enforce standards across all Maryland, Virginia, and DC office computers.
Guest Network
Separate wireless network for visitors providing internet access without connecting to your main business network. Guest networks protect sensitive company resources while offering convenience to clients and visitors at your Maryland, Virginia, or DC office.
Hacker
Someone who uses technical skills to gain unauthorized access to systems or data. While some hackers expose vulnerabilities ethically, most threaten businesses by stealing data, demanding ransoms, or disrupting operations.
Hard Drive
The storage device inside computers where data is permanently saved: programs, documents, photos, everything. Traditional hard drives have moving parts; newer solid-state drives (SSDs) are faster and more reliable.
Hardware
The physical components of your technology: computers, servers, printers, routers, switches, and cables. Unlike software (programs), you can physically touch hardware. Hardware requires maintenance, updates, and eventual replacement.
Hardware Failure
When physical equipment stops working: hard drives crash, servers overheat, network equipment fails. Hardware failure is inevitable eventually. Good IT practices include monitoring health, planning replacements, and maintaining backups.
Help Desk
A support service that assists with technology problems via phone, email, or remote access. Many Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses use managed IT providers for help desk services, getting expert assistance when issues arise.
HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
Federal regulations protecting patient health information and privacy. Healthcare businesses and their vendors in the DMV region must comply with strict HIPAA security requirements. Violations result in severe penalties.
Hosted Services
Applications or infrastructure maintained by providers in their facilities rather than on your premises. You access hosted services over the internet, offering benefits like reduced maintenance, scalability, and professional management.
Hostname
A human-friendly name given to a computer on your network, like "RECEPTION-PC" or "ACCOUNTANT-LAPTOP" instead of a numerical address. Makes identifying and managing devices easier for IT administrators.
Hotspot
A location providing wireless internet access, or the feature on smartphones sharing mobile data with other devices. Public hotspots are convenient but risky for business use without VPN protection.
Hybrid Cloud
Combining private (on-site) and public (internet-based) cloud services. Gives businesses flexibility to keep sensitive data local while using cloud services for other needs, balancing security, control, and cost.
Hybrid IT
Mixing traditional on-premises infrastructure with cloud services. Many Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses use hybrid IT, gradually migrating to cloud while maintaining some on-site systems during transition.
Hybrid Work
A work arrangement where employees split time between office and remote locations. Requires technology supporting both environments: cloud services, VPNs, collaboration tools. Increasingly common for DMV businesses post-pandemic.
Hypervisor
Software enabling virtualization: running multiple virtual computers on a single physical machine. Businesses use hypervisors to maximize hardware efficiency, reduce costs, and simplify disaster recovery.
IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
Cloud services providing virtualized computing resources over the internet. Instead of buying servers, you rent them as needed, paying only for capacity used. Offers flexibility without capital expenses for hardware.
Incident Response
Your plan and processes for handling security breaches, cyberattacks, or major IT failures. Includes detection, containment, investigation, recovery, and lessons learned, minimizing damage and recovery time.
Incremental Backup
Backing up only data that changed since the last backup. Faster and uses less storage than full backups. Typically combined with periodic full backups for efficient data protection.
Information Security
Protecting information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, modification, or destruction. Broader than cybersecurity, includes physical security, policies, employee practices, and technical controls.
Information Security Policy
Written rules guiding how employees and others interact with your technology and data. Covers passwords, acceptable use, data handling, incident reporting. Essential for consistent security across your Maryland, Virginia, or DC organization.
Infrastructure
All the technology components supporting your business: computers, servers, networks, software, and related equipment. The foundation of modern business operations requiring regular maintenance, updates, and management.
Infrastructure Monitoring
Continuously watching your IT systems for performance problems, failures, or security issues. Proactive monitoring detects problems before they cause downtime. Key benefit of managed IT services.
Integration
Connecting different software applications so they share data and work together. Integration eliminates duplicate data entry and ensures information stays synchronized across systems, improving efficiency and accuracy.
Internet Connection
Your link to the internet provided by an ISP. Connection speed (bandwidth), reliability, and service level matter significantly for business operations. Choosing the right provider and plan is crucial.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Everyday devices connected to the internet: smart thermostats, security cameras, door locks, sensors, or industrial equipment. Offers convenience and insights but requires proper security to prevent vulnerabilities.
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
The company providing your business internet connection, like Comcast, Verizon, Cox, or Spectrum. Choosing the right ISP with adequate bandwidth and reliability is crucial for business operations.
Intrusion Detection
Systems monitoring network traffic for suspicious activity indicating cyberattacks. Alerts IT teams to potential breaches so they can investigate and respond quickly. Important for businesses handling sensitive data.
Intrusion Prevention
Going beyond detection to automatically block suspicious activity. Intrusion prevention systems (IPS) stop attacks in real-time, providing active defense for Maryland, Virginia, and DC business networks.
IP Address
A unique numerical address identifying each device on a network or the internet. Like a street address for computers, enabling them to find and communicate with each other. Managed automatically by DHCP in most businesses.
IT Asset Management
Tracking and managing all your technology equipment, software licenses, mobile devices, and accessories. Good asset management helps businesses plan budgets, schedule replacements, ensure compliance, and maintain security.
IT Audit
Systematic examination of your technology systems, security controls, and policies. Audits identify risks, verify compliance, and recommend improvements. Often required by regulations or cyber insurance.
IT Budget
Financial planning for technology expenses: hardware purchases, software licenses, support services, upgrades, and projects. Proper IT budgeting ensures adequate funding for maintenance, security, and growth.
IT Consulting
Professional advice on technology strategy, planning, security, and projects. IT consultants help Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses make informed decisions, avoid costly mistakes, and maximize technology investments.
IT Infrastructure
All the technology components supporting your business operations: hardware, software, networks, data centers, and cloud services. Strong infrastructure is essential for reliability, security, and growth.
IT Policy
Written guidelines governing technology use in your organization. Covers topics like acceptable use, security practices, email conduct, data handling. Helps employees understand expectations and protecting your business.
IT Roadmap
Strategic plan for your technology over the next few years. IT roadmaps align technology investments with business goals, plan major projects, and prepare for future needs. Essential for growing businesses.
IT Security
Protection measures safeguarding your technology systems and data from threats. Includes technical controls (firewalls, antivirus), policies (acceptable use), training (security awareness), and monitoring. Comprehensive approach to protection.
IT Service Management (ITSM)
Structured approaches to delivering IT services focused on customer needs and business value. Frameworks like ITIL provide best practices for service delivery, incident management, and continuous improvement.
IT Strategy
Long-term planning aligning technology with business objectives. IT strategy ensures technology investments support growth, competitive advantage, and operational efficiency rather than being reactive to problems.
IT Support
Professional assistance maintaining and troubleshooting your technology. Can be provided by internal staff, external consultants, or managed service providers serving Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses with varying needs and budgets.
ITIL (Information Technology Infrastructure Library)
Widely adopted framework of best practices for IT service management. ITIL provides structured approaches to delivering IT services professionally, helping businesses provide consistent, reliable technology support.
LAN (Local Area Network)
Your office network connecting computers, printers, and other devices in a single location. Like an internal communication system for your technology, enabling resource sharing and collaboration.
Laptop
A portable computer containing screen, keyboard, and computing components in one unit. Essential for employees working remotely, traveling for business, or needing flexibility within Maryland, Virginia, and DC offices.
Legacy System
Older technology still in use, often outdated but difficult to replace because business operations depend on it. Legacy systems pose security risks and compatibility challenges.
License (Software)
Legal permission to use software. Businesses must purchase appropriate licenses for each user or device, using unlicensed software risks legal penalties, security vulnerabilities, and lack of support.
License Management
Tracking software licenses to ensure compliance, avoid waste, and plan renewals. Proper license management prevents paying for unused licenses or getting caught using unlicensed software during audits.
Linux
An open-source operating system alternative to Windows or Mac. Popular for servers and technical applications: offers security, stability, and flexibility but requires technical expertise to manage.
Load Balancing
Distributing work across multiple servers to improve performance and reliability. If one server gets overwhelmed or fails, load balancing redirects traffic to others, ensuring consistent service availability.
Local Backup
Storing backup copies on devices physically at your location: external hard drives, network attached storage (NAS), or local servers. Protects against accidental deletion but vulnerable to local disasters.
Localhost
The hostname "localhost" always corresponds to the device you're using, mainly relevant for technical troubleshooting and software development rather than general business use.
MAC Address (Media Access Control Address)
A unique identifier permanently assigned to network deviceslike a serial number for network interfaces. Used for network management and security controls in business environments.
Machine Learning
Computer systems that learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed. Businesses use machine learning for
predictive analytics, customer behavior analysis, fraud detection - powerful tool for competitive advantage.
Maintenance Window
Scheduled times when IT performs updates, backups, or maintenance that might temporarily disrupt services. Typically scheduled during off-hours to minimize impact on Maryland, Virginia, and DC business operations.
Malicious Code
Software intentionally designed to harm systems, steal data, or disrupt operations. Includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, comprehensive security required to protect against evolving threats.
Malware
Malicious software intentionally designed to cause disruption, damage, steal information, or gain unauthorized access. Includes viruses, ransomware, spyware, trojans - constant threat requiring multiple layers of protection.
Managed Antivirus
Centrally managed security software protecting all business computers from viruses and malware. The "managed" aspect means IT providers install, configure, update, and monitor antivirus - ensuring consistent protection.
Managed Detection and Response (MDR)
Outsourced service providing 24/7 threat monitoring, detection, and response. MDR providers actively hunt for threats in your environment and respond quickly to incidents, advanced protection for businesses.
Managed Firewall
Firewall services where providers handle configuration, monitoring, updates, and management. Ensures your firewall provides effective protection without requiring in-house expertise, important for small and medium businesses.
Managed IT Services
Ongoing professional technology support through a monthly subscription. Instead of calling for help only when things break, you get proactive monitoring, maintenance, security management, strategic planning, and help desk - like having an entire IT department.
Managed Security Service Provider (MSSP)
Companies providing outsourced security monitoring and management. MSSPs offer 24/7 security operations centers, threat detection, incident response - affordable access to enterprise-grade security for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Managed Service Provider (MSP)
A company providing ongoing IT support and management for businesses. MSPs monitor systems, handle updates, provide help desk support, plan technology strategy, and manage security - comprehensive technology partnership.
Microsoft 365
Cloud-based subscription service including Office applications (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), business email, cloud storage, Teams collaboration, and security features. Widely used by businesses across the DMV region for productivity.
Microsoft Azure
Microsoft's cloud computing platform providing virtualized servers, storage, databases, and services. Businesses use Azure for hosting applications, disaster recovery, development environments, major alternative to Amazon Web Services.
Microsoft Exchange
Enterprise email and calendar server software. Many Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses use Exchange (often through Microsoft 365) for professional email, shared calendars, and contacts management.
Microsoft Teams
Collaboration platform combining workplace chat, video meetings, file sharing, and application integration. Increasingly central to hybrid work, enables remote and office employees to communicate effectively.
Migration
Moving data, applications, or infrastructure from one system to another: like upgrading software, changing providers, or moving to cloud services. Requires careful planning to avoid data loss or business disruption during transitions.
Mobile Device Management (MDM)
Software controlling and securing smartphones and tablets used for business. MDM lets IT administrators enforce security policies, deploy apps, wipe lost devices remotely, essential for BYOD policies in Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Monitoring
Continuously watching your IT systems for performance issues, security threats, or failures. Proactive monitoring detects problems early, often before users notice, enabling faster resolution and preventing major outages.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Security requiring two or more verification methods to access systems, like a password plus a code texted to your phone. Significantly improves security beyond passwords alone, now considered essential for business protection.
Multi-Tenant
Cloud services where multiple customers share the same infrastructure while keeping data separated. More affordable than dedicated infrastructure, providers maintain security boundaries between tenants for privacy and security.
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NAS (Network Attached Storage)
A dedicated device on your network providing centralized file storage. Like a private cloud for your office, employees access shared files while IT maintains one device rather than individual computers.
NAT (Network Address Translation)
Technology allowing multiple devices on your network to share a single internet IP address. NAT also provides basic security by hiding internal network structure from the internet.
Network
Connected computers and devices that can share resources and communicate. Your business network enables file sharing, printer access, internet connectivity, and collaboration.
Network Administration
Managing and maintaining your network infrastructure: configuring routers, managing switches, monitoring performance, troubleshooting connectivity issues. Critical for reliable network operations supporting business activities.
Network Monitoring
Continuously watching network performance, bandwidth usage, and connectivity. Helps identify bottlenecks, unauthorized devices, or unusual activity to maintain optimal performance for your business network.
Network Security
Measures protecting your network from unauthorized access, attacks, and abuse. Includes firewalls, intrusion detection, access controls, segmentation with multiple layers protecting your business infrastructure.
NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology)
Federal agency developing cybersecurity standards and guidelines. NIST frameworks are widely adopted by businesses and required for federal contractors in Maryland, Virginia, and DC.
NIST Compliance
Meeting security standards established by NIST, particularly the NIST Cybersecurity Framework or NIST 800-171 for protecting federal information. Essential for government contractors throughout the DMV region.
NIST Framework
Comprehensive approach to managing cybersecurity risks developed by NIST. Provides structured methodology for identifying, protecting, detecting, responding, and recovering from cyber threats, adaptable for businesses of all sizes.
Office 365
The previous name for Microsoft 365. Many people still use this term when referring to Microsoft's cloud-based productivity suite including email, Office apps, and collaboration tools.
Off-Site Backup
Storing backup copies in a different physical location from your business, either at another facility or in cloud storage. Protects against local disasters affecting your Maryland, Virginia, or DC location.
On-Premises (On-Prem)
Technology equipment and software physically located at your business location rather than in the cloud. You own and maintain the hardware yourself, offering control but requiring expertise and capital investment.
Operating System (OS)
The main software running your computer, like Windows, macOS, or Linux. Controls basic functions and lets you run other programs. Keeping your OS updated with security patches is crucial for protection.
Outsourced IT
Using external professionals instead of internal staff for technology support. Common choice for small and medium businesses in the DMV region wanting expert help without full-time employee costs and management overhead.
Outage
Period when systems or services aren't available, whether due to equipment failure, cyberattack, power loss, or internet disruption. Minimizing outage frequency and duration is a primary goal of IT management.
OAuth
Open standard for secure authorization that lets users grant applications limited access to their accounts without sharing passwords. Used when you log into third-party apps using your Google or Facebook credentials.
Onboarding
Process of setting up new employees with necessary technology access, accounts, equipment, and training. Proper IT onboarding ensures new hires are productive from day one with secure, appropriate system access.
Open Source
Software with publicly available source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and distribute. Examples include Linux, Firefox, and WordPress. Often free to use but may require technical expertise to implement and maintain.
Optimization
Improving system performance, speed, and efficiency through configuration adjustments, resource allocation, and removing unnecessary processes. Regular optimization keeps your network and computers running smoothly for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
PaaS (Platform as a Service)
Cloud services providing development and deployment environments. Developers can build applications without managing underlying infrastructure, accelerating software development for businesses creating custom solutions.
Patch
A software update fixing security vulnerabilities, bugs, or adding improvements. Applying patches promptly is critical. Many cyberattacks exploit known vulnerabilities that patches could have prevented.
Patch Management
Systematic process of testing, approving, and deploying software updates across all systems. Ensures patches are applied consistently and quickly, reducing vulnerability windows for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Patching
The act of applying software updates to fix vulnerabilities and bugs. Regular patching is fundamental to cybersecurity. Unpatched systems are among the most common breach causes.
Password
A secret word or phrase protecting access to your accounts and systems. Strong passwords (long, unique, and including letters, numbers, and symbols) are your first defense against unauthorized access.
Password Manager
Software that securely stores and generates strong passwords for all your accounts. Instead of remembering dozens of passwords or reusing weak ones, you remember one master password accessing the rest.
Password Policy
Rules governing password requirements and management in your organization. Good policies require strong passwords, regular changes, no sharing, and multi-factor authentication, reducing successful credential attacks.
Penetration Testing
Authorized simulated cyberattacks on your systems to identify vulnerabilities before real attackers do. Pen testing helps businesses understand security weaknesses and prioritize improvements.
Performance Monitoring
Tracking how well your IT systems are functioning: speed, responsiveness, capacity usage. Performance monitoring helps identify issues affecting user experience and plan capacity upgrades.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
Data that could identify specific individuals: names, Social Security numbers, addresses, dates of birth, financial information. Businesses must protect PII to comply with privacy regulations and prevent identity theft.
Phishing
Fraudulent emails or messages pretending to be from legitimate sources, trying to trick you into revealing passwords, financial information, or clicking malicious links. The most common cyberattack method. Training employees is critical.
Physical Security
Protecting technology equipment from physical threats: theft, unauthorized access, environmental damage. Includes locked server rooms, security cameras, access controls. Often overlooked but important for comprehensive security.
Firewall Port
Numbered channels applications use to send and receive network traffic. Firewalls control which ports are open or blocked. Proper port management prevents unauthorized access while allowing legitimate communications.
Port Forwarding
Directing incoming internet traffic to specific devices on your internal network. Used for remote access, hosting services, or applications requiring external connections. Must be configured carefully for security.
Private Cloud
Cloud computing resources used exclusively by your business rather than shared with other customers. Offers more control and security than public cloud services but costs more to maintain.
Proactive Monitoring
Continuous automated oversight of your technology systems watching for problems before they cause outages. Detects failing hardware, performance issues, security threats, helping Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses avoid disruptions.
Productivity Software
Applications helping employees get work done, like Microsoft Office, Google Workspace, project management tools, communication platforms. Essential for modern business operations and collaboration.
Protocol
Agreed-upon rules for how computers communicate. Different protocols serve different purposes: TCP/IP for internet communication, HTTPS for secure web browsing, SMTP for email, working together to enable connectivity.
Public Cloud
Cloud services shared among multiple customers, like Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, or Google Cloud. More affordable than private clouds with robust security for most business needs.
Quarantine
Isolating suspicious files or infected devices from your network to prevent malware spread. Antivirus software automatically quarantines threats. IT can then examine and remove them safely.
QoS (Quality of Service)
Network management technique prioritizing certain types of traffic over others. Ensures critical applications like VoIP calls or video conferences get sufficient bandwidth even when the network is busy.
Query
A request for specific information from a database or system. Employees use queries to retrieve customer data, generate reports, or find records matching specific criteria for business decisions.
Queue
A waiting line for tasks or requests to be processed in order. Print queues hold documents waiting to print, help desk queues organize support
tickets by priority for your Maryland, Virginia, or DC business.
Quota
Limits set on resource usage like email storage, file server space, or bandwidth consumption. Prevents individual users from consuming excessive shared resources and helps control costs.
Quick Response (QR) Code
Square barcodes containing information that smartphones can scan. Businesses use QR codes for contactless payments, marketing materials, inventory tracking, and customer engagement without requiring typed input.
Qualified Vendor
A technology provider or partner that has been vetted and approved for working with your business. Maintaining a list of qualified vendors ensures consistent quality and security standards.
Quality Assurance (QA)
Testing process ensuring software, systems, or IT services meet requirements before deployment. QA prevents bugs, security issues, and performance problems from affecting your business operations.
Quarterly Review
Regular meeting to assess IT performance, security posture, budget spending, and upcoming technology needs. Keeps your technology aligned with business goals and identifies issues before they become critical.
Question Management System
Platform for organizing, tracking, and answering frequently asked questions from employees or customers. Reduces repetitive support requests and provides consistent information across your organization.
RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
Technology using multiple hard drives together for improved performance, reliability, or both. If one drive fails, data remains accessible for business servers storing critical information.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
Temporary memory computers use for active tasks like having multiple documents open simultaneously. More RAM means better performance when running multiple programs as a common upgrade for slow computers.
Ransomware
Malicious software that encrypts your files and demands payment to unlock them. A growing threat to businesses costing billions annually. Having backups and security measures is essential protection for DMV businesses.
Recovery Point Objective (RPO)
The maximum amount of data loss your business can tolerate, typically measured in time. An RPO of four hours means you can lose up to four hours of data and determines how frequently you must backup.
Recovery Time Objective (RTO)
The maximum acceptable downtime after an incident. An RTO of two hours means systems must be restored within two hours and drives your disaster recovery strategy and technology investments.
Redundancy
Having backup systems, components, or data copies so operations continue if primary resources fail. Redundancy costs more but prevents single points of failure for critical business systems.
Remote Access
Connecting to your office computer or network from another location like home, hotel, or anywhere with internet. Enables working remotely but requires proper security (VPN, MFA) to prevent unauthorized access.
Remote Desktop
Technology letting you control another computer from your location by seeing its screen and using it as if sitting in front of it. Useful for IT support and accessing office computers remotely.
Remote Monitoring and Management (RMM)
Software allowing IT providers to monitor, maintain, and manage your systems remotely. Enables proactive support, automation, and quick problem resolution without requiring on-site visits for every issue.
Remote Work
Employees working from locations outside the office like homes, coworking spaces, or anywhere with internet. Remote work requires cloud services, VPNs, collaboration tools, and security policies for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Replication
Continuously copying data to multiple locations in real-time. More robust than traditional backups. If systems fail, replicated copies are immediately available minimizing downtime and data loss.
Risk Assessment
Evaluating your business's cybersecurity vulnerabilities, potential threats, and their impacts. Helps prioritize security investments and create protection strategies for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses facing limited budgets.
Risk Management
Ongoing process of identifying, assessing, and mitigating technology and security risks. Risk management balances protection costs against potential losses to ensure appropriate security without overspending.
Router
A device connecting your business network to the internet and directing traffic between devices. Your router is a critical security point requiring strong passwords, current firmware, and proper configuration.
RTO (Recovery Time Objective)
See Recovery Time Objective above. The maximum acceptable downtime after system failures or disasters affecting your business operations.
SaaS (Software as a Service)
Software you access through the internet via subscription rather than installing locally like Microsoft 365, Salesforce, or QuickBooks Online. No hardware maintenance required, always updated, accessible anywhere.
SAN (Storage Area Network)
High-speed network dedicated to storage devices. Large organizations use SANs for centralized storage with excellent performance beyond typical small business needs but important for data-intensive operations.
Scalability
A system's ability to grow with your business by handling more users, data, or transactions without major overhauls. Cloud services excel at scalability by adding capacity as needed without hardware purchases.
Scam
Fraudulent schemes attempting to steal money or information through email, phone calls, or websites. Common business scams include fake invoices, CEO impersonation, and tech support fraud.
SD-WAN (Software-Defined Wide Area Network)
Modern technology managing connections between multiple business locations. SD-WAN is more flexible and affordable than traditional WAN for businesses with offices across Maryland, Virginia, DC, or beyond.
Security Assessment
Professional evaluation of your cybersecurity measures identifying vulnerabilities and recommending improvements. Regular assessments help businesses stay ahead of evolving threats affecting the DMV region.
Security Audit
Thorough examination of security controls, policies, and practices. Audits verify compliance with regulations and standards and are often required for insurance, contracts, or regulatory compliance.
Security Awareness Training
Education teaching employees to recognize and avoid cybersecurity threats like phishing emails, social engineering, password security, and safe browsing. Well-trained employees are your best defense against attacks.
Security Operations Center (SOC)
Centralized team monitoring and responding to security threats 24/7. Large organizations maintain their own SOCs while smaller businesses use SOC-as-a-Service from security providers for enterprise-grade protection.
Security Patch
Software update specifically addressing security vulnerabilities. Security patches should be applied immediately after testing because delays leave systems vulnerable to known exploits that attackers actively seek.
Security Policy
Formal document defining how your organization protects information and systems. Security policies establish rules, responsibilities, and procedures to provide framework for consistent protection across your business.
Server
A powerful computer providing resources or services to other computers on your network by storing shared files, running business applications, managing email, or hosting databases for your organization.
Server Backup
Protecting data stored on servers through regular backup copies. Since servers often contain critical business information and support multiple users, robust server backup is essential for disaster recovery.
Service Level Agreement (SLA)
A contract establishing expectations between service providers and clients by defining response times, uptime guarantees, support availability, and remedies for failures. SLAs ensure accountability for IT services.
Shared Drive
Network storage accessible to multiple employees like a digital filing cabinet everyone can access. Shared drives centralize files, enable collaboration, and simplify backups compared to storing files locally.
SIEM (Security Information and Event Management)
Software collecting and analyzing security data from across your environment. SIEM helps detect threats, investigate incidents, and comply with regulations and is typically used by larger organizations or MSSPs.
Single Sign-On (SSO)
Technology letting employees log in once to access multiple applications. SSO improves convenience and security because fewer passwords to remember means stronger passwords and less password fatigue.
SMB (Server Message Block)
Protocol allowing computers to share files, printers, and other resources across networks. SMB is foundational for Windows networking but has been exploited by attackers and requires security updates.
Smishing
Phishing attacks using text messages instead of email. Smishing messages impersonate banks, delivery services, or other trusted entities trying to trick recipients into clicking links or revealing information.
Social Engineering
Manipulating people into revealing confidential information or performing actions compromising security. Attackers exploit trust, authority, urgency, or fear, so training employees to recognize these tactics is critical.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
See SaaS above. Cloud-based software accessed via subscription rather than installed locally on computers.
Software License
Legal agreement defining how you may use software including number of users, devices, and terms. Businesses must maintain proper licenses for all software used to avoid legal issues and ensure vendor support.
Software Update
New versions of programs adding features, fixing bugs, or improving performance. Updates differ from patches (security-focused), but both should be applied regularly for optimal performance and security.
Solid State Drive (SSD)
Modern storage device using flash memory with no moving parts. Faster, more reliable, and more durable than traditional hard drives. Upgrading to SSDs noticeably improves computer performance.
Spam
Unsolicited, unwanted emails sent in bulk, typically advertising, scams, or malicious content. Spam filters reduce clutter and protect against threats, but some spam still gets through requiring employee vigilance.
Spam Filtering
Technology identifying and blocking unwanted emails before reaching inboxes. Reduces distractions, protects against phishing and malware, improves productivity as essential business email security.
Spear Phishing
Targeted phishing attacks customized for specific individuals or organizations using researched information. More convincing than generic phishing, with executives and finance staff as common targets for fraud.
Spoofing
Impersonating legitimate sources through fake sender addresses in emails, caller ID manipulation, or fake websites. Spoofing makes malicious communications appear trustworthy, so employee awareness is important defense.
Spyware
Malicious software secretly monitoring activities and stealing information like browsing habits, passwords, documents, and keystrokes. Antivirus software detects spyware, but prevention through safe practices is better.
SQL Database
Structured database management system used by many business applications. SQL databases organize information efficiently for fast searching and reporting while powering everything from customer records to inventory systems.
SSL Certificate (Secure Sockets Layer)
Digital certificate enabling encrypted connections between websites and visitors. When you see "https://" and a padlock icon, SSL protects the connection as essential for business websites collecting sensitive information.
SSL/TLS Encryption
Protocols securing internet communications by protecting data transmitted between browsers and websites. SSL/TLS prevents eavesdropping on sensitive information like login credentials, payment data, or confidential communications.
SSD (Solid State Drive)
See Solid State Drive above. Modern fast storage without moving parts.
Switch (Network Switch)
Device connecting multiple devices on your network, directing traffic efficiently between them. Switches are smarter than hubs by sending data only where needed rather than broadcasting to everyone.
System Administrator
IT professional managing and maintaining computer systems, networks, and servers. System administrators handle configurations, updates, user management, and security as a critical role for reliable technology operations.
System Backup
Creating copies of entire computer systems including operating systems, applications, settings, and data. Complete system backups enable full restoration after hardware failure or catastrophic incidents.
System Hardening
Securing systems by reducing vulnerabilities through disabling unnecessary services, closing unused ports, removing default accounts, and enforcing strong authentication. Hardening reduces attack surface for business systems.
System Update
Software changes improving functionality, security, or performance across entire systems. Updates should be tested before deployment to ensure compatibility while managed IT services handle systematic update management.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
Fundamental protocols enabling internet communication. TCP/IP defines how data is packaged, addressed, transmitted, routed, and received as the foundation of all internet and network communications.
Technical Support
Professional assistance with technology problems including troubleshooting, configuration, training, and advice. Technical support keeps employees productive when technology issues arise as essential service for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Terabyte (TB)
Data storage measurement equal to approximately 1,000 gigabytes or 1 trillion bytes. For perspective, a terabyte holds roughly 200,000 photos or 500 hours of video and is common for business server storage.
Threat Detection
Identifying potential security incidents or attacks affecting your systems. Combines automated tools monitoring for suspicious activity with human analysis investigating alerts as critical for timely incident response.
Threat Intelligence
Information about current and emerging cybersecurity threats including attack methods, vulnerability exploits, and threat actors. Security providers use threat intelligence to protect clients against the latest dangers.
Threat Landscape
The current state of cybersecurity threats facing businesses including types of attacks, common targets, threat actors, and emerging risks. Understanding the threat landscape helps Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses prioritize protection.
Ticketing System
Software tracking and managing IT support requests. When employees report problems, tickets are created, assigned, tracked, and resolved systematically to ensure nothing falls through cracks.
Trojan Horse
Malicious software disguised as legitimate programs. Like the ancient wooden horse, trojans trick users into installing them and then steal data, create backdoors, or download additional malware.
Troubleshooting
Systematic process of diagnosing and resolving technology problems. Good troubleshooting identifies root causes rather than just symptoms to prevent recurring issues and ensure lasting solutions.
Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
Security requiring two verification steps, typically your password plus a code sent to your phone. Adds significant protection beyond passwords alone.
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
Battery backup providing temporary power during outages. UPS devices prevent data loss and equipment damage from sudden power losses as essential for servers and critical systems in Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Update
Software improvements, security fixes, or new features released by manufacturers. Installing updates promptly protects against vulnerabilities, fixes bugs, and ensures optimal performance as fundamental maintenance practice.
Upgrade
Replacing technology with newer, more capable versions like newer software versions, faster computers, or increased storage capacity. Strategic upgrades maintain productivity as business needs and technology evolve.
Upload
Transferring files from your device to another computer or the internet by sending email attachments, posting documents to cloud storage, or backing up files. The opposite of download.
Uptime
Percentage of time systems are operational and available, expressed as uptime percentage or downtime hours. High uptime requires reliable equipment, redundancy, monitoring, and quick incident response.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
The web address displayed in your browser's address bar like www.nsocit.com. URLs identify specific pages or resources on the internet, so employees should verify URLs before entering sensitive information.
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
Standard connection port for attaching devices to computers like keyboards, mice, printers, external drives, and phones. USB ports are convenient but can introduce security risks from infected devices.
USB Drive
See Flash Drive. Small portable storage devices convenient for transferring files but posing security risks if lost, stolen, or infected with malware.
User Account
Individual credentials identifying and authenticating specific people accessing your systems. Proper user account management ensures appropriate access while maintaining security and accountability.
User Access Control
Managing who can access what resources like files, applications, and systems. Good access control follows "least privilege" principles where users only access what they need for their jobs.
Username
Your unique identifier when logging into systems, often your email address or specific name assigned by IT. Paired with passwords to verify identity and grant appropriate access to business resources.
Vendor Management
Overseeing relationships with technology providers and service vendors. Effective vendor management ensures you get value, maintain security, manage contracts, and hold providers accountable.
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)
Technology providing desktop environments hosted on servers rather than local computers. Users access their desktops remotely from any device for centralized management and security.
Virtual Machine (VM)
A software-based computer running inside a physical computer. Virtual machines enable running multiple operating systems on one machine to improve hardware efficiency and simplify disaster recovery.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Creates a secure, encrypted connection over the internet like a private tunnel for your data. Essential for employees accessing business systems remotely, protecting information from interception.
Virtualization
Running multiple virtual computers or servers on a single physical machine. Businesses use virtualization to maximize hardware efficiency, reduce costs, simplify management, and improve disaster recovery capabilities.
Virus
Malicious software that replicates and spreads to other computers, potentially damaging files, stealing information, or disrupting operations. Antivirus software helps detect and remove viruses before they cause harm.
Vishing (Voice Phishing)
Phone-based fraud attempts where scammers impersonate legitimate entities like banks, tech support, or government agencies trying to extract information or payment. Increasingly sophisticated threat requiring employee awareness.
VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)
Phone service using internet connections instead of traditional phone lines. VoIP offers cost savings and advanced features as popular with businesses in Maryland, Virginia, and DC replacing old phone systems.
Vulnerability
Weakness in software, hardware, or procedures that attackers could exploit. Regular vulnerability assessments identify weaknesses before attackers do to enable proactive fixes preventing breaches.
Vulnerability Assessment
Systematic examination identifying security weaknesses in your systems. Assessments use scanning tools and manual testing to find vulnerabilities while providing prioritized remediation recommendations.
Vulnerability Management
Ongoing process of identifying, evaluating, treating, and reporting security vulnerabilities. Continuous vulnerability management reduces risk by closing security gaps before attackers exploit them.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
A network covering large geographic areas by connecting multiple office locations across Maryland, Virginia, DC, or beyond. The internet itself is the world's largest WAN.
Web Application
Software accessed through web browsers rather than installed locally like Gmail, Salesforce, or online banking. Web applications offer convenience and accessibility from any device with internet.
Web Browser
Software for accessing websites like Chrome, Firefox, Edge, or Safari. Your gateway to cloud applications, online research, and web-based business tools. Keeping browsers updated prevents security vulnerabilities.
Web Filtering
Controlling what websites employees can access from business networks. Web filtering blocks malicious sites, inappropriate content, and time-wasting destinations to improve security and productivity.
Web Hosting
Services storing and serving your website on internet-connected servers. Web hosting providers maintain infrastructure enabling your website's availability to visitors worldwide 24/7.
Whitelist
A list of approved entities like email senders, websites, applications, or IP addresses that are allowed while everything else is blocked. More restrictive than blacklists but more secure.
Wi-Fi
Wireless networking technology letting devices connect to your network without cables. Requires proper security configuration (strong passwords, WPA3 encryption) to prevent unauthorized access to business networks.
Wi-Fi Security
Measures protecting wireless networks from unauthorized access through encryption (WPA2/WPA3), strong passwords, hiding network names, and guest network separation. Unsecured Wi-Fi is major security risk.
Windows
Microsoft's operating system used on most business computers. Familiar interface and broad software compatibility make it the standard choice for many DMV-area businesses requiring productivity tools.
Wireless Network
Network using radio signals instead of cables for connectivity. Wireless networks offer flexibility and convenience but require stronger security than wired networks due to signal accessibility.
WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)
The wireless portion of your office network where computers and devices connect via Wi-Fi rather than Ethernet cables. Requires access points, proper configuration, and security management.
Workstation
An employee's computer used for daily work, whether desktop or laptop. Workstations require regular maintenance, security updates, backups, and support to keep employees productive.
Worm
Self-replicating malware spreading across networks without human interaction. Worms can rapidly infect entire networks causing widespread damage, so proper network security prevents worm propagation.
X.25
An older networking protocol standard for packet-switched communication over public data networks. While largely replaced by modern internet protocols, X.25 is still used in some legacy systems requiring reliable data transmission.
X.509 Certificate
A digital certificate standard used for encrypting communications and verifying identities online. X.509 certificates are the foundation of SSL/TLS encryption, enabling secure HTTPS connections for business websites and applications.
XaaS (Anything as a Service)
An umbrella term covering all cloud-based services delivered over the internet, including SaaS, IaaS, PaaS, and more. XaaS represents the shift from owning technology infrastructure to subscribing to services as needed.
XAMPP
Free software package bundling Apache web server, MySQL database, and PHP programming language for development purposes. Developers use XAMPP to test websites and applications locally before deploying them to production servers.
XDR (Extended Detection and Response)
Advanced security solution that collects and correlates data across multiple security layers like endpoints, networks, servers, and cloud environments. XDR provides comprehensive threat detection and automated response capabilities beyond traditional security tools.
Xeon Processor
Intel's high-performance processor line designed for servers and workstations handling demanding business applications. Xeon processors offer enhanced reliability, memory capacity, and processing power compared to standard desktop processors.
XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language)
A stricter, more standardized version of HTML for creating web pages. XHTML enforces cleaner code structure, improving website compatibility across different browsers and devices for consistent user experiences.
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
A flexible format for storing and transporting data between systems and applications. XML structures information in a way both humans and computers can read, commonly used for data exchange between business software systems.
XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
A web security vulnerability allowing attackers to inject malicious scripts into websites viewed by other users. XSS attacks can steal login credentials, session tokens, or other sensitive information from unsuspecting visitors.
XTLS (eXtended Transport Layer Security)
An enhanced version of TLS encryption protocol offering improved performance and security for internet communications. XTLS optimizes data transmission while maintaining strong encryption standards for business applications.
Year-End IT Planning
Evaluating technology performance and planning next year's investments, projects, and improvements. Strategic year-end planning ensures budgets align with business goals for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language)
A human-readable data format used for configuration files and data exchange between systems. YAML's simple syntax makes it popular for DevOps tools, automation scripts, and application configuration management.
Yammer
Microsoft's enterprise social networking platform enabling internal communication and collaboration within organizations. Yammer creates communities where employees share knowledge, updates, and ideas across departments and locations.
Year-End IT Planning
Evaluating technology performance and planning next year's investments, projects, and improvements. Strategic year-end planning ensures budgets align with business goals for Maryland, Virginia, and DC businesses.
Year 2000 Problem (Y2K)
A historical software issue where systems using two-digit year codes couldn't distinguish 2000 from 1900. While Y2K fears proved largely
overblown, it highlighted the importance of proactive software maintenance and testing.
Yottabyte (YB)
An enormous data storage measurement equal to 1,000 zettabytes or approximately 1 trillion terabytes. Yottabytes represent theoretical storage scales far beyond current business needs, used mainly in discussing global data growth.
Yubico
Company producing YubiKey hardware security keys for strong two-factor authentication. YubiKeys provide phishing-resistant authentication by requiring physical device presence, offering superior security compared to SMS codes or authenticator apps.
Yubikey
Physical security key that plugs into your computer's USB port for strong two-factor authentication. YubiKeys protect accounts from phishing and credential theft by requiring the physical key to be present during login.
YARA Rules
Pattern-matching language used by security professionals to identify and classify malware based on specific characteristics. Security tools use YARA rules to detect malicious files, helping protect businesses from known and emerging threats.
Yield Management
Using technology and data analysis to optimize pricing and inventory decisions based on demand patterns. Common in hospitality and transportation industries, yield management maximizes revenue through dynamic pricing strategies.
Your Phone (Microsoft)
Windows application connecting smartphones to PCs, enabling users to access texts, photos, notifications, and apps directly from their computer. Improves productivity by reducing device switching for Maryland, Virginia, and DC business users.
Zero-Day Exploit
An attack targeting a software vulnerability unknown to the vendor, meaning no patch exists yet. Zero-day exploits are particularly dangerous
because businesses have no defense until manufacturers release security updates.
Zero-Day Vulnerability
A security flaw in software that the vendor doesn't know about yet. Attackers who discover these vulnerabilities can exploit them before patches are available, making them highly valuable on the dark web.
Zero Trust Security
Security model assuming no user or device should be automatically trusted, even inside your network. Zero trust requires continuous verification of every access request, reducing risk from compromised credentials or insider threats.
Zettabyte (ZB)
Data storage measurement equal to 1,000 exabytes or approximately 1 trillion gigabytes. Global internet traffic and data center storage are measured in zettabytes, representing massive scale beyond typical business operations.
Zimbra
Email and collaboration platform offering an alternative to Microsoft Exchange and Office 365. Zimbra provides email, calendars, contacts, and file sharing with both cloud-hosted and on-premises deployment options.
ZIP File
Compressed file format reducing file sizes for easier storage and faster transfer. ZIP files bundle multiple files together into a single archive, commonly used for email attachments and file downloads.
Zombie Computer
A computer infected with malware and controlled remotely by attackers without the owner's knowledge. Zombie computers are often part of botnets used for spam campaigns, DDoS attacks, or cryptocurrency mining.
Zone-Based Firewall
Firewall architecture dividing networks into security zones with different trust levels. Traffic between zones is controlled by policies, allowing businesses to separate public-facing systems from internal resources for better protection.
Zoom
Video conferencing platform widely adopted for remote meetings, webinars, and virtual collaboration. Zoom became essential for DMV-area businesses during remote work transitions, requiring proper security settings to prevent unauthorized access.
ZTA (Zero Trust Architecture)
Framework implementing zero trust principles across your entire IT environment. ZTA eliminates implicit trust, requires identity verification for every access attempt, and assumes breach scenarios when designing security controls.
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